The best known of the human caliciviruses is Norwalk virus, which is the most important cause of epidemic viral (non bacterial) gastroenteritis in school children and adults.Norwalk virus was first discovered during an epidemic of gastroenteritis that occur in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1968.
Characteristic Features
- Caliciviruses are small( 27-nm) , round nonenveloped positive sense ssRNA viruses.
-They have a single structural protein.
-They have cup-shaped depressions on their capsid surface (hence their name which is derived from calyx). These identification give the virion a 'Star of David" appearance in the electron microscope.
-Human caliciviruses have not been cultivated in vitro
Epidemiology
About half of the outbreaks of acute infectious non bacterial gastroenteritis are due to Norwalk virus. The disease occurs worldwide ad is common in older children and adults. Out breaks occur in such settings as camps, retaurants, cruise ships and schools. Out breaks are associated with contaminated food, water, or by raw or undercooked shellfish, particulrly oysters, Norwalk virus has a low infectious dose (10 virus particles) and relative stability in the environment (resists chlorine)
Pathogenesis
The virus can be transmitted from person to person by the faeco oral route. Viruses grow in the small intestine, causing transient lesions of the intestinal mucosa, and are shed in faeces.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is suggested by acute gastroenteritis in an outbreak setting. It may beconfirmed by antigen detection or observation of an antibody rise.
Control
No specific antiviral therapy or vaccine is available for Norwalk or other human calicivirus gastroenteritits. Hand washing and careful monitoring of water purification are the most important measures in the control of infection.
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