Intraduct carcinoma

Section in a breast mass showed:

- No capsule

- Dilated ducts lined by malignant cells ( describe) forming:

1) solid ducts : totally occluded by malignant cells

2) comedo pattern : central necrosis of ducts lined by malignant cells

3) Cribiriform pattern : trabeculae of malignant cells across duct lumen

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Section in a prostate showed:

- Acini : increased number with variable size & shape ( may be cystically dilated)

- Lining : one or several layers of columnar cells & may show papillary projections

- Acinar lumen: shed epithelial cells & corpora amylacea ( concentric laminated glycoproteinsa )

- fibromuscular stromal hyperplasia with lymphocytic infiltration

Colloid goiter

Section in a thyroid gland showed:

- thyroid foliicles: large, variable in size & maybe cystic

- colloid : abundant filling the follicles

- lining cells: low cuboidal or flattened epithelium

- stroma ; compressed

Toxic goiter

Section in a thyroid gland showed:

- thyroid follicles : small & exhausted

- colloid: scanty & scalloped ( peripherally vacuolated)

- lining cells : columnar

- stroma: vascular with lymphocytic infiltration

Fibrocystic disease breast

Section in a breast mass showed:

- No capsulate

- Adenosis : increase number of ducts & acini

- Epitheliosis : increase of the lining ducts forming papillae

- Cyst formation with apocrine metaplasia

- Fibrosis

Intracanalicular fibroadenoma breast

Section in a breast mass showed:

- Fibrous capsule

- Proliferated & compressed ducts with slit like lumena

- Lined by inner cuboidal & outer flat cells

- Dense stroma

Pericanalicular fibroadenoma of breast

Section in a breast mass showed:

- Fibrous capsule

- proliferated ducts

- patent lumena

- lined by inner cuboidal & outer flat cells

- delicate stroma

Simple cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Section in an andometrial curettage showed;

- Glands : crowded, variebly sized with cystic formation

- Lining : columnar cells with pseudostratifications & papillary projections

- Stroma: spindle cells, very cellular with haemorrhage

Secretory phase, endometrium

Section in an endometrial curettage showed:

- Glands: large & tortuous ( irregular )

- Lining: single layer of cuboidal cells with secretory vacuoles ( supra, infranuclear) & lumen secretions

- Stroma : congested vessels. edema & haemorrhage

Proliferative phase, endometrium

Section in an endometrial curettage showed:

- Glands : short & straight ( uniform)

- lining : single layer of columnar cells

- stroma : spindle & compact

- G.S ratio about 1:1

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Section in lung showed:

- malignant cells ( describe) forming variable sized groups with fibrous stroma

- areas of haemorhage and necrosis

Lobar pneumonia, gray hepatization

Section in lung showeds:

- alveolar walls : mild thickening

- alveolar capillaries : mild congestion


- alveolar spaces : retracted fibrin threads with neutrophils, macrophages & few RBCs

Chronic fibrocaseous tubeeculosis

Section in lung showed:

- large areas of homogenous pink caseation with tubercles ( decscribe0, fibrosis, cavitations and endarteritis obliterans

Miliary tuberculosis Lung

Section in lung showed:

- lung interstitium : multiple scattered small tubercles ( describe) with minimal central pink caseation ( G)

- alveolar spaces : homogenous pink exudate

Infarction

Section in lung showed:

- Infarcted area with thin, atrophic alveolar walls ( lost cellula details & preserved framework )

- alveolar space filled with RBCs

- Inflammatory cells seen at the margin of infarcted area

- rest of lung showed CVC (describe) ( HF)

Chronic venous congestion liver

Swction in lung showed:

- alveolar walls : thickened

- alveolar capillaries : dilaed and congested

- alveolar spaces : RBCs, hemosiderin& heart failure cells ( macrophages engulfing hemosiderin )

Rhinoscleroma

Section in a nasal mass showed:

- Mickulicz cells : large cells with foamy pale cytoplasm & central small nuclei

- Russell bodies ; pink hyalinosed plasma cells

- lymphocytic infiltration 7 fibrosis

- squamous metaplasia covering epithelium

Mycetoma ( madura foot)

- muliple abscesses separated by fibrous tissue

- each abscess formed of central fungal colonies ( blue central hyphae & peripheral pink clubs ) surrounded by mixed inflammatory cells ( neutrophils, macrophages, pus cells plasma cells ad lymphocytes

squamous cell papilloma

section in a skin polyp showed:

- vascular connective tissue core

- covering epithelium : hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium showing hyperkeratosis ( keratin) , acanthosis ( prickle cell) & basal cell hyperplasia

Capillary haemangioma

Section in a skin lesion showed :

- numerous, small & regular vascular spaces some empty, others contain blood, separated by delicate stroma

- spaces by lined by flat endothelial cells

Cavernous haemangioma

Section in a skin lesion showed:

- wide & irregular vascular spaces contains blood, separated by delicate stroma

- space lined by flat endothelial cells

Malignant melanoma

Section in a skin lesion showed:

- Malignant cells ( describe) may be spindle or polyhedral invading dermis

- large areas of intra & extracellular brown melanin ( M )

- areas of haemorrhage and necrosis were detected

Benign melanoma ( Naevus)

Section in a skin lesion showed:

- groups of nevus cells in upper dermis

- nevus cells ( small, rounded with vesicular nucleus)

- brown melanin scattered extracellulary and inside melanophores

Basal cell carcinoma

Section in a skin lesion showed:

- dermis is infiltrated by malignant cells ( describe) with basophilic cytoplasm forming solid sheets with peripheral palisading

- skin ulceration was detected

- areas of haemorrhage & necrosis may be seen

Squamous cell carcinoma

- dermis is infiltrated by malignant cells ( describe) with eosinophilic cytoplasm forming cell nests with central keratinization

- skin ulceration detected

- areas of haemorrhage and necrosis may be seen

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Section in a lymph node showed:

- loss of normal architecture & infiltration by :

-Reed stenberg cells ( large ampophilic cytoplasm & contain 2 or more nuclei in mirror image pattern )

- lacunar cells & mononuclear Hodgkin's cells

- associated reactive cells: lymphocyte, plasma cells & eosinophils.

- foci of necrosis & fibrosis

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

Section in a lymph node showed:

- loss of nordmal architecture & infiltration by :

- malignant lymphocytes ( monotonous, small with dark nuclei) & malignant lymphoblasts ( large) with many mitotic figures

Nephroblastoma ( Wilms tumour)

Section in a renal mass showed:

- Malignant cells ; short spindle or rounded cells ( blastemal cells) and Primitive epithelial cells with mitoses forming abortive glomeruli and tubules

- smooth muscles, carilage or bone may be seen

- areas of hge & necrosis were deteced

Renal cell carcinoma ( Hypernephroma)

Section in a renal mass showed:

- groups of malignant cells separated by fibrous stroma

- malignant cells: large with dark central nucleus and vacuolated cytoplasm

- areas of hge and necrosis

Chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis

Section in a kidney showed:

- glomeruli most were shrunken and fibrotic

few showed hypercellularity, lobulations and crescents

- tubules some atrophic, others dilated with colloid cacts

- interstitium : fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltration & endarteritis obliterans

Amyloidosis

- homogenous pink amyloid material deposited at:

- BM of glomerular capillarries ( some glomeruli obliterated)

- BM of tubules showed some albumin casts

- walls of arterioles become thick & narrow

Reactive foliicular hyperplasia Lymph node

Section in a lymph node showed:

- preserved normal pattern

- expanded cortex with variable sized follicles

- follicles contain enlarged pale germinal centers

Caseating tuberculosis lymph node

Section in a lymph node showed:

- partial effacement of normal architecture by :

homogenous pink caseous material tubercles at periphery

Metastatic carcinoma

Section in a lymph node showed;

- partial effacement of normal architecture by: malignant cells arranged in solid sheets or acini

- focal haemorrhage and necrosis

Seminoma

section in a testicular mass showed:

- non capsulated tumours

- malignant germ cells arranged in gropus separated by fibrous bands infiltrated by lymphocytes

- malignant germ cells are: large & polyhedral cells with pale cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei & prominent nucleoli

Vesicular mole

Section in curettage showed:

- multiple chorionic villi with avascular hydropic cores and focal proliferation of the covering trophoblastic tissue ( cyto & syncytiotrophoblasts )

Allergic nasal polyp

- covering epithelium: pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells & focal squamous metaplasia

- core : with oedema, proliferated mucous glands and infilatrated by eosinophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages

Chondroma

- section in a mass showed;

- capsulated and lobulated lesion.

- proliferated cartilage cells inside lacunae arranged singly or in groups among faint blue matrix

- cartilage cells: rounded with vacuolated cytoplasm & small dark central nucleus

Lipoma

Section in a mass showed:

- capsulated & lubulated lesion

- composed of groups of fat cells ( large, polyhedral cells wih vacuolated cytoplasm & eccentric flat nuclei ' signet ring"

- few blood vessels through fibrous trabeculae

Adenomatous polyp, colon

section in a polyp showed:

- vascular connective tissue core

- covering mucosa : proliferating glandular epihelium forming tubular glands with no atypia

Bilharzial polyp, colon

Section in a polyp showed:

- vascular connective tissue core showed B.ova & B. reaction

- covering mucosa : hyperplastic

Bilharziasis, Rectum

- B. ova surrounded by B. reaction mainly in submucosa to a lesser extent in other layers as musculosa & mucosa

Mucoid carcinoma, colon

Section in colon showed:

- submucosa & musculosa: infiltrated by malignant cells some become signet ring ( intracellular mucin) and ruptured malignant acini

- large areas of pale mucin ( mucin lakes)

- mucosal ulceration

- foci of haemorrhage and necrosis

Adenocarcinoma, colon

Section in colon showed;

- Malignant cells forming malignant acini which were ( irregular, variably sized with no basement membrane)

- Malignant acini invading submucosa & musculosa

- Mucosal ulceration was detected

- foci of haemorrhage and necrosis

Infarction spleen

Section n spleen showed three zones

- Infarction zone: thick capsule and lost cellular details with preserved architectuer

- Zone of acute inflammation at the periphery of infarcted zone

- Normal zone ; rest of the spleen

Hyalinos spleen

Section in spleen showed:

- capsule, rabeculae, and central arterioles of wjite pulps all were thickened with homogenous pink, glassy and refractile colouration

Cavernous haemangioma liver

Section in liver showed

- non capsulated mass

- formed of wide irregular spaces

- lining of spaces were flat endothelial cells

- spaces contains blood

Schwannoma

-fibrous capsule

-interlacing bundles of schwann cels ( spindle with rod nuclei) forming palisade appearance

-delicate connective tissue in between

Osteoclastoma

section in a mass showed :

- non capsulated, with areas of haemorrhage and necrosis

- malignant cells were oval & small ( describe)

- numerous multinucleated giant cells ( up to 100 nucleus/cell)

Osteosarcoma

section in a mass showed:

- non capsulated mass with areas of haemorrhage & necrosis

- spindle malignant cells ( describe)

- pink osteoid matrix

- blues osseous tissue

- cartilagenous foci

Fibrosarcoma

section in mass showed :

- non capsulated, with areas of haemorrhage & necrosis

- spindle malignant cells ( describe) forming herringbone pattern with scanty collagen

Steatosis ( Fatty change)

- swollen hepatocytes

- cytoplasm of hepatocytes showed clear vacuoles/

- signet rignet cells may be seen

Cavernous haemangioma

- non capsulated mass

- formed of wide, irregular vascular spaces

- lining of spaces were flat endothelial cells

- spaces containing blood

Chronic venous congestion

- central veins & sinusoides : dilated and congested

- cebtral hepatocytes were necrotic with RBCs

- peripheral hepatocytes showed steatosis ( describe)

- kupfer cells showed brown hemosiderin pigment

Infarction spleesn

- Infarction zone ; thick capsule and lost cellulat details with preserved architecture

- zone of acute inflammation at the periphery of the infarcted zone

normal zone rest of the spleen

Hyalinosis

Section in spleen showed :

- capsule , trabeculae and central arterioles of white pulps, all were thickened with homogenous pink, glassy and refractile colouration

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Section in liver showed:

- malignant cekks arranged in solid and trabecular patterns

- these sheets separated by fibrous stromahge and necrosis

- the rest of liver is cirrhotic

Portal cirrhosis

Section n liver showed:

- loss of normal architecture
- hepatocyte arrange in regenerative nodules separated by dense fibrosis
- liver cell show staeatosis with irregular sinusoids
-fibrous tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes

Bilharzial periportal fibrosis

Section in liver showed :
-portal tracts:

1- B.ova with B. reaction ( describe)

2- angiomatoids 9 dilated, irregular veses)

3- dense fibrosis

-liver architeccture is preserved with brown pigmentation

- kupfer cell hyperplasia

Fibrinous peritonitis

section in liver and covering peritoneum showed:
- shed serosa of peritoneum
-subserosa: acute inflammation & excess fibrin ( F ) ( describe)
- liver cells : cloudy swelling